一、核心监管依据与原则
FDA 对食品接触材料的监管遵循 “安全性” 和 “适用性” 原则,核心法规集中在 21 CFR 的以下部分:


  • 塑料材料:21 CFR 177(核心为 177.1520,通用塑料;其他如 177.1310、177.1350 等针对特定塑料);

  • 纸张 / 纸板:21 CFR 176(如 176.170、176.180,关注添加剂、提取物等);

  • 涂层 / 聚合物涂层:21 CFR 175(如 175.300,用于金属罐、烘焙模具等);

  • 橡胶:21 CFR 177.2600(天然橡胶和合成橡胶);

  • 金属 / 合金:无专门章节,但需符合 21 CFR 178.3910(重金属溶出限制)等;

  • 其他材料:如粘合剂(175.105)、油墨(176.120)等。

二、不同材料的测试重点

1. 塑料材料(最常见,21 CFR 177)

塑料是 FDA 监管最详细的品类,测试需结合 “允许使用的物质清单”(如基础树脂、添加剂)和迁移量要求:


  • Specific substance migration: For substances restricted by regulations (such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates (DEHP, etc.), heavy metals, antioxidants, etc.), test whether their migration amount is below the limit;

  • Test conditions: Determine the temperature (such as 40 ℃, 60 ℃, 121 ℃) and time (such as 10 days, 24 hours) based on the usage scenario (normal temperature, high temperature, refrigeration, microwave, etc.).

2. Paper/Cardboard (21 CFR 176)
重点关注材料中的污染物(如重金属、荧光增白剂)和提取物安全性:


  • Fluorescent whitening agent: Prohibit the use of fluorescent substances that may migrate (such as those detected under ultraviolet light);

  • Microbial indicators: In some scenarios, the total number of bacterial colonies needs to be tested (such as paper that comes into direct contact with ready to eat food).

3. 涂层 / 橡胶 / 金属

  • 涂层:测试其在高温、酸性条件下的稳定性(如罐头涂层抗腐蚀能力),以及涂层中游离甲醛、酚类等物质的迁移;

  • 橡胶:关注硫化剂、抗氧化剂(如 BHT)的迁移,尤其针对脂肪类食品(用正己烷模拟);

  • 金属:测试铅、铬、镍、砷等重金属的溶出量(如 4% 乙酸浸泡后,铅≤0.5 mg/L)。

三、通用测试流程

  1. 材料识别:确认材质成分(如塑料树脂类型、添加剂种类),匹配对应法规章节;

  2. Migration/extraction testing: detecting the total or specific substances transferred to the simulated liquid through soaking, heating, and other methods;

  3. Sensory testing: Evaluate whether the material causes odor or discoloration after coming into contact with food (such as "odorless testing");

  4. 合规性评估:对比测试结果与 FDA 限值,确认是否符合要求。

四、注意事项

  • FDA 不强制 “认证”:企业需自行通过测试证明合规,FDA 通过市场抽检(如海关扣留、召回)监管;

  • 复合包装:需分别测试各层材料,同时评估层间物质迁移的相互影响;