塑料材料:21 CFR 177(核心为 177.1520,通用塑料;其他如 177.1310、177.1350 等针对特定塑料);
纸张 / 纸板:21 CFR 176(如 176.170、176.180,关注添加剂、提取物等);
涂层 / 聚合物涂层:21 CFR 175(如 175.300,用于金属罐、烘焙模具等);
橡胶:21 CFR 177.2600(天然橡胶和合成橡胶);
金属 / 合金:无专门章节,但需符合 21 CFR 178.3910(重金属溶出限制)等;
其他材料:如粘合剂(175.105)、油墨(176.120)等。
二、不同材料的测试重点
1. 塑料材料(最常见,21 CFR 177)
Specific substance migration: For substances restricted by regulations (such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates (DEHP, etc.), heavy metals, antioxidants, etc.), test whether their migration amount is below the limit;
Test conditions: Determine the temperature (such as 40 ℃, 60 ℃, 121 ℃) and time (such as 10 days, 24 hours) based on the usage scenario (normal temperature, high temperature, refrigeration, microwave, etc.).
2. Paper/Cardboard (21 CFR 176)44>重点关注材料中的污染物(如重金属、荧光增白剂)和提取物安全性:
Fluorescent whitening agent: Prohibit the use of fluorescent substances that may migrate (such as those detected under ultraviolet light);
Microbial indicators: In some scenarios, the total number of bacterial colonies needs to be tested (such as paper that comes into direct contact with ready to eat food).
3. 涂层 / 橡胶 / 金属
涂层:测试其在高温、酸性条件下的稳定性(如罐头涂层抗腐蚀能力),以及涂层中游离甲醛、酚类等物质的迁移;
橡胶:关注硫化剂、抗氧化剂(如 BHT)的迁移,尤其针对脂肪类食品(用正己烷模拟);
金属:测试铅、铬、镍、砷等重金属的溶出量(如 4% 乙酸浸泡后,铅≤0.5 mg/L)。
三、通用测试流程
材料识别:确认材质成分(如塑料树脂类型、添加剂种类),匹配对应法规章节;
Migration/extraction testing: detecting the total or specific substances transferred to the simulated liquid through soaking, heating, and other methods;
Sensory testing: Evaluate whether the material causes odor or discoloration after coming into contact with food (such as "odorless testing");
合规性评估:对比测试结果与 FDA 限值,确认是否符合要求。
四、注意事项
FDA 不强制 “认证”:企业需自行通过测试证明合规,FDA 通过市场抽检(如海关扣留、召回)监管;
复合包装:需分别测试各层材料,同时评估层间物质迁移的相互影响;